Academic or Professional Articles

Abstract. There is an influential idea tries to explain the structure of Iranian historical cities based on bazaar in contemporary architectural literatures. In contrast, the Core idea of this paper is illumination the differences of the social and spatial role of Iranian bazaar in the historical cities before the Modernization in the 1930s. The main approach of this study is based on analyses of the spatial structure using Space Syntax through the axial analysis technique regarding the social and economical context of Iranian historical cities. The case studies are the city of Dizfoul and Shushtar in the South-west; moreover Kerman, Shiraz and Isfehan are concerned as typical Iranian cities.

The result of this study argues that the Iranian cities before the Modernization can be
de¯ned in two types based on the idea of bazaar. The ¯rst city type includes cities with
non-merchant economy. In this city type, bazaar is a purely retail cluster and it does not
include other socio-cultural spaces. Therefore, this type of bazaar, named as `commercial
bazaars' in this study. `Commercial bazaars' not only were not the most integrated part

Abstract. Farmers markets selling locally grown produce were once vital components of urban food systems. In the modern era an extended wholesale supply system has reduced markets to negligible importance in provisioning. Yet the number of farmers markets in the United States has grown dramatically in the past thirty years. Examination of the literature on American farmers markets in the twentieth century reveals cycles of expansion and decline.
Four surges in numbers are reported, with the most rapid rise following the passage of Public Law 94–463, the Farmer-to-Consumer Direct Marketing Act of 1976. Between 1970 and 1986, markets in some states increased tenfold, with the national total rising nearly 500 percent by one estimate. Beginning in the late 1980s, farmers markets entered another growth phase, which continues. Research into farmers markets is hindered by the lack of consistency in classification, by incomplete descriptions of market characteristics, and by lost data.

This article (written in Spanish) is about a study conducted amonge fertile aged street vendors in Mexico City. This study presents the demographic, socioeconomic procases out, working conditions and work tires among fertile age street vendors in Mexico City. These results contribute to identify the female vendors with to higher risk of having child with low birth rate and suggest preventive actions.